The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Schachter and Singers Theory of Emotion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What exactly makes up an emotion? According to one major theory of emotion, there are two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label. In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies. Cognitive theories of emotion began to emerge during the 1960s, as part of what is often referred to as the cognitive revolution in psychology. One of the earliest cognitive theories of emotion was one proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer,  known as the two-factor theory of emotion. Verywell / Cindy Chung   What Is the Two-Factor Theory? Like the James-Lange theory of emotion, and in contrast to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, Schachter and Singer felt that physical arousal played a primary in emotions. However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so physical arousal alone could not be responsible for emotional responses. The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion. So, imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange man suddenly emerges from a nearby row of trees and rapidly approaches. The sequence that follows, according to the two-factor theory, would be much like this: I see a strange man walking toward me.My heart is racing and I am trembling.My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear.I am frightened! The process begins with the stimulus (the strange man), which is followed by the physical arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling). Added to this is the cognitive label (associating the physical reactions to fear), which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the emotion (fear). The immediate environment plays an important role in how physical responses are identified and labeled. In the example above, the dark, lonely setting and the sudden presence of an ominous stranger contributes to the identification of the emotion as fear. What would happen if you were walking toward your car on a bright sunny day and an elderly woman began to approach you? Rather than feeling fear, you might interpret your physical response as something like curiosity or concern if the woman seemed to be in need of assistance.   Schachter and Singer’s Experiment In a 1962 experiment, Schachter and Singer put their theory to the test. A group of 184 male participants was injected with epinephrine, a hormone that produces arousal including increased heartbeat, trembling, and rapid breathing. All of the participants were told that they were being injected with a new drug to test their eyesight. However, one group of participants was informed of the possible side-effects that the injection might cause while the other group of participants was not. Participants were then placed in a room with another participant who was actually a confederate in the experiment. The confederate either acted in one of two ways: euphoric or angry. Participants who had not been informed about the effects of the injection were more likely to feel either happier or angrier than those who had been informed. Those who were in a room with the euphoric confederate were more likely to interpret the side effects of the drug as happiness, while those exposed to the angry confederate were more likely to interpret their feelings as anger. Schacter and Singer had hypothesized that if people experienced an emotion for which they had no explanation, they would then label these feelings using their feelings at the moment. The results of the experiment suggested that participants who had no explanation for their feelings were more likely to be susceptible to the emotional influences of the confederate. Criticism of Two-Factor Theory While Schachter and Singers research spawned a great deal of further research, their theory has also been subject to criticism. Other researchers have only partially supported the findings of the original study  and have at times shown contradictory results.   In replications by Marshall and Zimbardo, the researchers found that participants were no more likely to act euphoric when exposed to a euphoric confederate than when they were exposed to a neutral confederate. In another study by Maslach, hypnotic suggestion was used to induce arousal rather than injecting epinephrine. The results suggested that unexplained physical arousal was more likely to generate negative emotions no matter which type of confederate condition they were exposed to. Other criticisms of the two-factor theory: Sometimes emotions are experienced before we think about them.Other researchers have supported James-Langes initial suggestion that there are actual physiological differences between emotions.

Argument Essay Samples - Writing a Powerful Argument

<h1>Argument Essay Samples - Writing a Powerful Argument</h1><p>There are some brilliant contention article tests to look over when you are composing the most ideal paper on a contention for a particular topic. It is not necessarily the case that there are no terrible ones out there, anyway the great ones have all that anyone could need focuses to make an impression.</p><p></p><p>Writing an influential article isn't simple. The normal understudy should have the option to establish a positive first connection and dazzle the individuals who read it. So as to improve grade, the understudy needs to utilize the best assets to their advantage.</p><p></p><p>The author needs to compose an enticing article that will influence their crowd into accepting what they are stating. The contention that they use ought to be consistent and compact, have the option to show realities and even accompany an answer. The exposition ought offer one's input, yet rather to paint an image that will give perusers a superior comprehension of the circumstance or topic.</p><p></p><p>Argument article tests are an incredible method to begin and hotshot your solid focuses and build up a smidgen of rationale to have the option to convince the peruser. Before going into the contention procedure, it is essential to begin with a decent establishment with the correct data. With the correct data, it is much simpler to make sense of how to make contentions. For this situation, the article ought to contain proof to help its position.</p><p></p><p>For starters, the paper ought to incorporate references, data about your examination, real realities, and a model if conceivable. The data that you give ought to back up your focuses and show that you can be trusted. All things considered, on the off chance that the understudy can't be trusted to refer to any data, at that point for what reason shoul d they be believed?</p><p></p><p>Since realities are significant, the paper should come in clear with its realities and framework the position you are attempting to guard. The contention ought to never be obscure and really expound on why the peruser ought not confide in the contention or the individual who is giving it. The most grounded contentions originate from realities that point to one situation over another. It is consistently savvy to help your contention with different realities and proof to give it weight.</p><p></p><p>One ought to likewise incorporate answers for those solid focuses. A decent contention can now and again be upheld by a few variables to make it a solid one. Not exclusively should the understudy have the option to list the entirety of its qualities, however they ought to likewise incorporate any shortcomings that can be routed to fortify the argument.</p><p></p><p>Argument exposition t ests can be found anyplace. There are books and sites that offer example papers, and there are likewise numerous kinds of programming that can give one an extraordinary beginning on composing the best contention they can.</p>

Binaural Beats For Essay Writing - Using the Techniques to Improve Your English

<h1>Binaural Beats For Essay Writing - Using the Techniques to Improve Your English</h1><p>You've found out about the advantages of utilizing binaural beats for exposition composing, however have you attempted them yourself? In case you're similar to many, you've likely been to a few unique courses or workshops on figuring out how to utilize these items yet still haven't aced how to use them. It's no big surprise that such a large number of individuals surrender too early in the wake of starting a program. Notwithstanding, you don't need to be like this in the event that you follow the tips below.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to do before endeavoring to utilize binaural beats for exposition composing is to guarantee that your psyche is clear and open to the substance. Attempt to evade any outside boosts that could undoubtedly divert you, for example, an irate horde. Also, attempt to focus however much as could be expected on th e errand at hand.</p><p></p><p>After you are totally loosened up enough to concentrate on the job needing to be done, at that point it's a great opportunity to get down to the nuts and bolts of binaural beats for paper composing. The most ideal approach to start is to get yourself acquainted with the product's interface and take a gander at the rundown of prearranged sounds that the item has. In spite of the fact that it very well may be useful to have a companion or relative to get you out with this part, actually you can become familiar with all that you have to know by yourself.</p><p></p><p>After you select the sounds that you might want to be played, you can begin messing with the various diverts and hues in the sound tracks. Remember that a great deal of the sounds are very delicate and won't legitimately empower investigative reasoning. This is the most widely recognized way that a great many people can retain these thoughts. Ta ke a stab at tuning in to the sound until you can tell the general sound that is being used.</p><p></p><p>Next, it's a smart thought to have a diary with you during the day. You can record a rundown of the considerable number of thoughts that ring a bell while you are perusing the paper. Record what hues were referenced, what states of mind were felt, what hues were envisioned, and so on. This is a phenomenal method to pick up knowledge into the things that you are composing about.</p><p></p><p>One of the keys to utilizing binaural beats for paper composing is to tune in to the sounds that you have modified. On the off chance that there is any data that you have to hold so as to expound on it, at that point you will need to ensure that you focus on it for the duration of the day. On the off chance that you can't focus on your assignment as a result of something that you are hearing, at that point it's most likely better to proceed onwa rd to another subject altogether.</p><p></p><p>Once you are OK with the program, you can keep utilizing the binaural beats for paper writing related to different devices. At the point when you go over words that you don't remember, it might be ideal to make a note of them. Simply be certain that you recollect that a few sentences ought to be short and others long, and what tone ought to be used.</p><p></p><p>With the intensity of binaural beats for paper composing, it's anything but difficult to ensure that you hold data for the entire day. Recall that the additional time you spend rehearsing the sounds, the better you will become at utilizing them. So don't procrastinate!</p>

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